These activities aim to:
- Develop research skills (for example, writing scientific articles, participating in research projects, attending and presenting papers at conferences)
- Provide methodological and technical training (such as courses in statistics, laboratory techniques, legal analysis, or fieldwork).
- Promote cross-disciplinary competencies useful for academic and professional careers (academic writing, scientific communication, data management, university teaching, knowledge transfer).
- Encourage internationalization (research stays at foreign institutions, publications in international journals, participation in academic networks).
Each PhD programme specifies which activities are mandatory and which are optional, as well as their weight within the student’s individual training plan. These activities are usually recorded in the Doctoral Student Activity Document (DAC), which is updated and evaluated throughout the doctoral process.