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In an era in which Euroscepticism cannot be overlooked, this study provides important evidence into how supranational redistribution policies might enhance support for European integration. Focusing on Spain and Italy, the research shows that EU-level social benefits —in particular, a European unemployment benefit— can increase support among the most sceptical groups: citizens with low socio-economic resources and exclusive political identities.

The study differentiates between redistribution targeted at member states (e.g., Next Generation EU funds) and at individuals (e.g., hypothetical EU unemployment or social benefits). Using survey experiments, the researcher demonstrates that citizen-centred policies have a compensatory effect. That is, they can convince people traditionally alienated from the EU, whereas support among pro-EU citizens remains stable.

Surprisingly, redistribution between states, like the high-profile NGEU program, may even reduce support among vulnerable populations in some contexts, such as Spain. The findings suggest that to foster EU legitimacy and cohesion, policymakers should consider more direct social interventions rather than relying solely on state-level investment strategies.

By highlighting the role of economic vulnerability in shaping policy impact, the research emphasizes that citizen-centred redistribution can be an effective tool for union-building among the more Eurosceptic social groups.